• allergic reactions to foods (see separate sheet on allergies);


• animal hair;


• cigarette smoke;


• cold air;


• dust;


• exercise;


• genetic;


• grass pollen;


• infections;


• medications, such as aspirin;


• malfunction of the immune system. Dr Leo Galland, in his book Superimmunity
  for Kids (1989), showed that children with asthma have difficulty converting
  essential fatty acids into prostaglandins which regulate the function of the
  immune system;


• pollutants (ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
  nitrogen dioxide, and photochemical substances are air pollutants that can
  trigger asthma attacks;


• Stress.

The incidence of asthma has increased massively in the twentieth century. Why
this should be so is still open to debate but the following factors have been
cited:

• in the 1950's it was believed that formula milk was a better start for new
  born babies and so many mothers gave their children formula believing they
  were doing the best thing. However, children who were fed formula milk did
  not benefit from the immunities usually passed through the mother's milk;
  


• an allergic reaction to house dust mites has been exacerbated by the higher
  incidence of wall-to-wall carpeting, heating and insulation;


• low ozone levels of urban environments;


• some believe that asthma has been made more dangerous by the use of modern
  drugs, especially steroids.

1. Medication




• Anti-inflammatory medications
  
  
  
  


• Corticosteroids - are a man-made form of the human hormone cortisol.
  They work to reduce inflammation and decrease the activity of the immune
  system, however they are not useful once an asthma attack has already started.
  They can be inhaled, taken orally or injected. Inhaling the corticosteroid
  ensures that it reaches the area where it is needed, largely avoiding damage
  to other parts of the body. Long term oral corticosteroid use may cause
  side effects such as ulcers, weight gain, cataracts, weakened bones and
  skin, high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, easy bruising and decreased
  growth in children.
  
  
  
  


• Cromolyn - is inhaled and acts differently to a corticosteroid
  in that it works on the chemicals that cause inflammation, preventing their
  release and so stopping the cause of the asthma attack. Cromolyn cannot
  treat an asthma attack once it has started. Some side effects of cromolyn
  can be coughing, wheezing, nausea and headache.
  
  
  
  


• Bronchodilators
  
  They include beta-agonists, theophylline and anticholinergics and come
  in inhaled, tablet, capsule, liquid or injectable forms. These are generally
  used during an asthma attack to relieve coughing, wheezing, shortness of
  breath and difficulty in breathing. They work by opening up the bronchial
  tubes-the air passages in the lungs-so that more air can flow through. Side
  effects of bronchodilators can include nervousness, restlessness and insomnia,
  and rarely, headaches. Elderly patients and children may be more sensitive
  to the effects of these medications.
  
  
  
  


• Anti-leukotrienes
  
  Many of the cells involved in causing airway inflammation are known
  to produce potent chemicals within the body called leukotrienes. Leukotrienes
  cause the contraction of the airways smooth muscle, increasing leakage of
  fluid from blood vessels in the lung, and further promoting inflammation
  by attracting other inflammatory cells into the airways. Side effects of
  anti-leukotrienes can be headaches, infections, nausea, diarrhoea and generalised
  pain.
  
  
  
  Treatment pattern
  
  Treatment for people with asthma often follows a similar pattern: for those
  with mild asthma (infrequent attacks) inhalers are used on an as-needed
  basis. Those with significant asthma (symptoms occur at least every week)
  are treated with anti-inflammatory medications, preferably inhaled corticosteroids,
  and then with bronchodilators. Acute severe asthma may require hospitalisation,
  oxygen, and intravenous medications. A peak flow meter, a simple device
  to measure lung volume, can be used at home to check on lung functions on
  a daily basis.
  
  
  
  Diet Recommendations when taking medication
  
  It is important to get proper nutrition when taking oral corticosteroids.
  Oral steroid use can cause loss of calcium and potassium, important minerals
  for bone strength and good muscle function. An imbalance of these minerals
  may cause muscle cramping or heart irregularities.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  • to 4-5 servings per day of dairy products will ensure an adequate
    intake of calcium, however dairy products can trigger attacks in some
    individuals, if you suspect this is the case, increase your intake of
    green vegetables.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Potassium supplements should only be prescribed by a doctor.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Any swelling may indicate the need for a diet low in sodium. This
    may include limited use of salt or sodium-rich condiments and processed
    foods.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Eat a well-balanced diet including citrus fruits and fruit juices.
    
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Corticosteroids can increase appetite.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  


• Hyposensitization therapy or allergy shots
  
  If the asthma has been triggered by an allergic reaction, these shots
  may be helpful to prevent an attack.
  
  
  
  


• Peak Flow Meters
  
  These are hand-held machines that measure lung capacity and are useful for
  identifying the need for medication, and in more serious attacks, the need
  for hospitalisation.
  
  
  
  





Some medicines may exacerbate asthma







• Aspirin and other pain relievers: aspirin and drugs called nonsteroidal
  anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be harmful in people with asthma.
  Ibuprofen, naporxen and ketoprofen are examples of NSAIDs. Usually acetaminophen
  can be taken, a medicine used for fever and pain. Very rarely, even acetaminophen
  may make asthma worse.
  
  
  
  


• Antihistamines: antihistamines are safe for people with asthma
  to use, but they can cause side effects. Some antihistamines can't be taken
  with certain other medicines.
  
  
  
  


• Medicines for blood pressure: Beta blockers are drugs used to control
  blood pressure and heart disease. Sometimes they are given to people who
  have anxiety or headaches. This group of drugs includes propranol, atenolol
  and metoprolol. All of the drugs in this group can make asthma worse.
  
  
  
  ACE inhibitors are another type of medicine given to treat blood pressure,
  heart disease and, sometimes, diabetes. Drugs such as captopril, enalapril
  and lisinopril are included in this group. These medicines appear to be
  safe for people with asthma. However, some people cough when taking ACE
  inhibitors. If the cough is caused by the medication, it will usually go
  away a week or so after the medication is stopped.
  
  
  
  


• Contrast dyes for x-rays: sometimes when having an x-ray, a shot
  of contrast dye is given to make the x-ray picture show up. Some contrast
  dyes may make asthma worse.
  
  
  
  


• Other medicines: any medicine can cause wheezing or shortness of
  breath if there is an allergic reaction to it.
  
  
  
  





Website:

www.rxlist.com this is
a database of prescription pharmaceuticals to help you find out more information
about what has been prescribed.





2. Alternative medicine (by alphabetical order)




• Acupressure
  
  Acupressure probably predates acupuncture, it's more widely known sister
  therapy. Part of traditional Chinese medicine, and described as "acupuncture
  without needles", it is also based on theories of 'life energy' and meridians.
  Pressure is applied to acupoints to relieve ailments and promote harmony
  and health. Much used in China, Acupressure is less common in the West.
  Acupuncturists may use it as part of their treatment and it is claimed to
  be suitable for self-treating minor ailments. 'Tuina' is the most common
  type of acupressure. Other forms include 'shen tao' in which very light
  pressure is applied using only the fingertips, and 'jin shin do' where relatively
  few acupoints are used and the patient is encouraged to enter a meditative
  state. The Japanese version of the therapy, called 'anma' developed into
  what is now called shiatsu.
  
  
  
  (For more information see our fact sheet on acupressure)
  
  
  
  


• Acupuncture
  
  Some studies have shown that this can be helpful to some people with asthma
  in the short term, however no long-term benefits have been documented convincingly.
  There are suggestions that it may be effective for people whose asthma is
  triggered by allergy but less effective for those whose asthma is exercise-induced.
  
  
  
  
  Research:
  
  - Joos S, Schott C, Zou H, Daniel V, Martin E. Immunomodulatory effects
  of acupuncture in the treatment of allergic asthma: a randomized controlled
  study. J Altern Complement Med 2000 Dec;6(6):519-25
  
  "The results imply that asthma patients benefit from acupuncture treatment
  given in addition to conventional therapy. Furthermore, acupuncture performed
  in accordance with the principles of TCM showed significant immune-modulating
  effects."
  
  - Linde K, Jobst K, Panton J. Acupuncture for chronic asthma Cochrane Database
  Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD000008
  
  " There is not enough evidence to make recommendations about the value of
  acupuncture in asthma treatment. Further research needs to consider the
  complexities and different types of acupuncture."
  
  
  
  (For more information see our fact sheet on acupuncture)
  
  
  
  British Acupuncture Council
  
  63 Jeddo Road
  
  London
  
  W12 9HQ
  
  Tel: 020 8735 0400
  
  www.acupuncture.org.uk
  
  
  
  
  British Medical Acupuncture Society
  
  12 Marbury House
  
  Higher Whitley
  
  Warrington
  
  Cheshire
  
  WA4 4QW
  
  Tel: 01925 730727
  
  www.medical-acupuncture.co.uk
  
  
  
  
  


• Alexander Technique
  
  The aim of Alexander technique practitioners is to teach their patients
  how to improve the awareness of their body and its functions, in order to
  use it better. It is based on the idea that movement should involve a lengthening
  and widening of the body that relieves any tension. The technique is usually
  taught on a one-to-one basis, the teacher makes the patient aware of what
  optimum posture feels like before beginning to make adjustments and re-educating
  them in the use of their muscles, the goal being to produce maximum efficiency
  with minimum effort. Practitioners focus on the use of the body in sitting,
  standing and walking. All sorts of movements and activities will be considered
  in the course of a programme of treatment. Alexander technique is thought
  to be helpful to people with epilepsy, as it improves breathing
  
  
  
  Research:
  
  -Dennis J. Alexander technique for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst
  Rev 2000;(2):CD000995
  
  "Robust, well-designed randomised controlled trials are required in order
  to test claims by practitioners that AT can have a positive effect on the
  symptoms of chronic asthma and thereby help people with asthma to reduce
  medication."
  
  
  
  (For more information see our fact sheet on the Alexander technique)
  
  
  
  The Society of Teachers of the Alexander Technique (STAT)
  
  129 Camden Mews
  
  London NW1 9AH
  
  Tel: 020 7284 3338
  
  www.stat.org.uk
  
  
  
  


• Aromatherapy
  
  This uses essential oils in the massage, which therapists believe can be
  beneficial. Oils can be inhaled, vaporised, used in hot compresses and even
  gargled. Choice of oils will depend on the nature of the asthma (if it is
  an allergic response), and any other factors involved. Those said to be
  good for asthma are bergamot, camomile, clary, lavender, thyme, neroli and
  rose oil as they are both anti-spasmodic and anti-depressant. Bergamot and
  lavender are also believed to clear up chest infections. (For more information
  see our fact sheet on aromatherapy)
  
  
  
  International Federation of Aromatherapists
  
  182 Chiswick High Road
  
  London W4 1PP
  
  Tel: 020 8742 2605
  
  www.int-fed-aromatherapy.co.uk
  
  
  
  
  International Society of Professional Aromatherapists
  
  ISPA House
  
  82 Ashby Road
  
  Hinckley
  
  Leicestershire
  
  LE10 1SN
  
  Tel: 01455 637 987
  
  
  
  The Register of Qualified Aromatherapists
  
  PO Box 3431
  
  Danbury Chelmsford
  
  Essex
  
  CM3 4UA
  
  Tel: 01245 227957
  
  www.rqa-uk.org
  
  
  
  
  
  


• Biofeedback
  
  Based on the principle that the mind is intrinsically linked to the body
  and that our emotions affect our body, biofeedback teaches patients how
  to be aware of physiological functions that are normally automatic and unconscious
  and how to use this internal information to improve their health. Using
  measuring devices patients learn how to monitor their body responses in
  order to control them. Biofeedback is a non-invasive and painless process,
  the information is fed back in the form of a light, sound or needle sign
  on a screen. Once the patients recognise changes in their physical states,
  they learn how to alter them with guided imaginary or relaxation techniques.
  After a few sessions they are able to notice these responses and to control
  them without devices.
  
  
  
  Research:
  
  - Kern-Buell CL, McGrady AV, Conran PB, Nelson LA. Asthma severity, psychophysiological
  indicators of arousal, and immune function in asthma patients undergoing
  biofeedback-assisted relaxation. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2000 Jun;25(2):79-91
  
  
  "These findings, though limited by size of population, suggest a positive
  effect of biofeedback-assisted relaxation in young, nonsteroid-dependent
  asthmatics. The mechanisms underlying linkages between psychological, behavioral,
  and immune responses in asthma require further study."
  
  - Anokhin MI, Sergeev VN, Domanskii VL. Correction of the breathing in the
  treatment of bronchial asthma by means of biological feedback. Med Tekh
  1996 Jan-Feb;(1):26-9 "Treating BA (bronchial asthma) via BFB (biological
  feedback) correction diminishes psychosomatic disorders: anxiety, bronchodilator
  dependence, fear of a recurrent episode, whining, irritability, and insomnia."
  
  
  
  
  (For more information see our fact sheet on biofeedback)
  
  
  
  EEG Neurofeedback Services
  
  Dolphin Lodge
  
  Dolphin Yard
  
  Holywell Hill
  
  St. Albans
  
  Herts AL1 1EZ
  
  Tel: 01727 839533
  
  http://www.eegneurofeedback.net/
  
  
  
  
  Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB)
  
  10200 W. 44th Avenue
  
  Suite 304
  
  Wheat Ridge
  
  CO 80033-2840
  
  USA Tel: (001) 303 422 8436
  
  http:// www.aapb.org/
  
  
  
  EEG Spectrum
  
  Neurofeedback Research and Clinical Services
  
  16500 Ventura Blvd
  
  Suite 418
  
  Encino
  
  CA 91436-2011
  
  Tel: (001) 818 789 3456
  
  http://www.eegspectrum.com/
  
  
  
  
  


• Buteyko therapy - breathing therapy
  
  This is a breathing therapy that aims to teach shallow breathing. Asthmatics
  breathe more heavily than the norm. The therapy aims to ensure optimal oxygenation
  of the body and its tissues. Developed 40 years ago by Dr Konstanin Buteyko,
  a Russian Medical scientist, its use in asthma is to change the breathing
  pattern to reduce or eliminate spasms and enable the patient to be less
  dependent on medication. The therapy is based on Dr Konstanin's observation
  of ill and dying patients. He noticed that they breathed much more quickly
  than healthy people did.
  
  
  
  Research:
  
  - Opat AJ, Cohen MM, Bailey MJ, Abramson MJ. A clinical trial of the Buteyko
  Breathing Technique in asthma as taught by a video.J Asthma 2000;37(7):557-64
  " We conclude that the Buteyko Breathing Technique BBT may be effective
  in improving the quality of life and reducing the intake of inhaled reliever
  medication in patients with asthma. These results warrant further investigation."
  
  
  - Kuiper D. Dysfunctional breathing and asthma. Trial shows benefits of
  Buteyko breathing techniques. BMJ 2001 Sep 15;323(7313):631-2
  
  
  
  Buteyko method
  
  The Hale Clinic
  
  7 Park Crescent
  
  London W1N 3HE
  
  Tel: 020 7631 0156
  
  
  
  


• Chiropractic
  
  Very similar to osteopathy, chiropractic believes that the essential factor
  in healthy tissues is the nerves, and uses mainly manipulation techniques
  to correct tensions and imbalances in the musculo-skeletal system.
  
  
  
  Research:
  
  - Bronfort G, Evans RL, Kubic P, Filkin P. Chronic pediatric asthma and
  chiropractic spinal manipulation: a prospective clinical series and randomized
  clinical pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001 Jul-Aug;24(6):369-77
  "The observed improvements are unlikely as a result of the specific effects
  of chiropractic SMT spinal manipulative therapy alone, but other aspects
  of the clinical encounter that should not be dismissed readily. Further
  research is needed to assess which components of the chiropractic encounter
  are responsible for important improvements in patient-oriented outcomes
  so that they may be incorporated into the care of all patients with asthma"
  
  
  
  
  - Hondras MA, Linde K, Jones AP. Manual therapy for asthma. Cochrane Database
  Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001002
  
  " Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use
  of manual therapy for patients with asthma."
  
  
  
  (For more information see our fact sheet on chiropractic)
  
  
  
  British Chiropractic Association
  
  Balgrave House
  
  17 Blagrave Street
  
  Reading
  
  Berkshire
  
  RG1 1QB
  
  Tel: 0118 9505950
  
  
  
  General Chiropractic Council
  
  344-354 Gray's Inn Road
  
  London WC1X 8BP
  
  Tel: 020 7713 5155
  
  http://www.gcc-uk.org/
  
  
  
  
  British Association for Applied Chiropractic
  
  167a London Road
  
  Teynham
  
  Kent
  
  ME9 9QJ
  
  Tel: 01795 520 707
  
  
  
  


• Herbal treatment
  
  Herbal treatments for asthma can prevent or help recover from an asthma
  attack, rather than treating an acute episode. It is strongly recommended
  that a herbalist or naturopathic practitioner be consulted before using
  herbs.
  
  
  
  The following are thought to be useful for asthma, although this is not
  a comprehensive list.
  
  
  
  • Astragalus (astragalus membranaceous)
  
  
  • Licorice root
  
  
  • Minor bupleurum
  
  
  • Ammi visnaga
  
  
  • Brassica spp
  
  
  • Commiphor ayrrha
  
  
  • Convallaria majalis (lilly of the valley) datura stramonium
  
  
  • Ephedara vulgaris
  
  
  • Euphorbia hirta
  
  
  • Gingko biloba containing the active ingredient ginkgolide B
  
  
  • Grindelia robusta
  
  
  • Lobelia inflata
  
  
  • Marrubium vulgare
  
  
  • Polygala senega (milkwort)
  
  
  • Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot)
  
  
  • Sleneicerius grandiflorus
  
  
  • Symplocarpus goetidus (skunk cabbage)
  
  
  • Thymus vulgaris (thyme)
  
  
  • Verbascum thapsus (mullein)
  
  
  • Virurnum opulus (cramp bark).
    
    
  
  
  
  
  
  Research:
  
  - Ni J, Dong J, Wu G . Experimental study on effect of antagonizing platelet-activating
  factor and histamine of synthetic ginkgolide F in guinea-pigs Zhongguo Zhong
  Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2000 May;20(5):365-7 "Synthetic Ginkgolide F .........may
  be a promising drug in treatment of bronchial asthma"
  
  
  
  - Pinn G. Herbal therapy in respiratory disease. Aust Fam Physician 2001
  Aug;30(8):775-9 "The explosion in incidence of asthma has, as in any chronic
  condition, provided a new area where alternative treatment is increasingly
  considered by patients. Treatments have been even less well researched than
  in other areas of herbal medicine, and the potential for abuse and toxicity
  remains a concern."
  
  
  
  - Hu G, Walls RS, Bass D. The Chinese herbal formulation biminne in management
  of perennial allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
  12-week clinical trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002 May;88(5):478-87
  Our results suggest the Biminne formulation is effective in treatment of
  perennial AR. Its mode of action is unknown.
  
  
  
  National Institute of Medical Herbalists
  
  56 Longbrook Street
  
  Exeter
  
  EX4 6 AH
  
  Tel: 01392 426 022
  
  www.nimh.org.uk
  
  
  
  


• Homoeopathy
  
  This works on the principle of treating like with like, however homoeopathic
  remedies are diluted to such an extent that no side effects are experienced,
  although sometimes symptoms worsen before they get better. Homoeopaths can
  tailor remedies to suit the individual especially if there is an identified
  allergic trigger, however most people have more than one allergic trigger.
  Homeopathic treatments for asthma are directed at preventing or supporting
  recovery from an asthma attack, rather than treating an acute episode.
  
  
  
  Research:
  
  - Doerr L. Using homeopathy for treating childhood asthma: understanding
  a family's choice. J Pediatr Nurs 2001 Aug;16(4):269-76 "The care of childhood
  asthma may prove to benefit from clinical trials in homeopathy."
  
  
  
  - Linde K, Jobst KA. Homeopathy for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst
  Rev 2000;(2):CD000353 "There is not enough evidence to reliably assess the
  possible role of homeopathy in asthma. As well as randomised trials, there
  is a need for observational data to document the different methods of homeopathic
  prescribing and how patients respond."
  
  
  
  (For more information see our fact sheet on homeopathy)
  
  
  
  British Homeopathic Association
  
  15 Clerkenwell Close
  
  London EC1R 0AA
  
  Tel: 020 7566 7800
  
  http:// www.trusthomeopathy.org
  
  
  
  
  The Society of Homeopaths
  
  4a Artizan Road
  
  Northampton
  
  NN1 4HU
  
  Tel: 01604 621400
  
  http:// www.homeopathy-soh.org
  
  
  
  
  


• Hydrotherapy
  
  Hydrotherapy (water therapy) is a treatment that is based on the knowledge
  that water has an ability to alter the blood flow. Hot water dilates blood
  vessels increasing blood flow to the skin and muscles. This eases stiffness,
  improves circulation, reduces blood pressure, and boosts the immune system.
  Waste products can be more effectively removed from the body and more nutrients
  and oxygen are sent to the tissues, helping to repair any damage. Cold water
  stimulates. Surface blood vessels constrict sending the blood towards internal
  organs thereby improving their functioning, and the biochemical reactions
  that cause inflammation are inhibited. If both hot and cold water are used
  in a treatment this is said to reduce circulatory congestion caused by muscle
  spasm, and to stimulate the hormonal system and relieve inflammation.
  
  
  
  (For further information see our fact sheet on hydrotherapy)
  
  
  
  The British College of Naturopathy and Osteopathy
  
  Lief House
  
  3 Sumpter Close
  
  120-122 Finchley Road
  
  London NW3 5HR
  
  Tel: 020 7435 6464
  
  http://www.bcno.org.uk
  
  
  
  
  


• Applied Kinesiology
  
  Developed by a US chiropractor, Dr George Goodheart in the 1960's, Applied
  Kinesiology is a diagnostic system that uses muscles to indicate imbalance
  in the body's systems, and its sensitivity to food and toxic substances
  in the environment. By testing certain muscles using pressure and various
  substances (i.e. food and homeopathic dilutions of chemicals etc) a practitioner
  can identify muscle strength. The strength or weakness of muscles can reveal
  the strengths and weaknesses of the body's systems, as muscles, organs and
  glands are believed to be connected via "energy circuits", or pathways.
  
  
  
  
  (For more information see our fact sheet on Kinesiology)
  
  
  
  The Association of Systematic Kinesiology, (A.S.K.)
  
  39, Browns Road
  
  Surbiton
  
  Surrey.
  
  KT5 85T
  
  Tel: 020 8399 3215
  
  http//: www.kinesiology.co.uk
  
  
  
  
  Kinesiology Federation
  
  PO Box 17153
  
  Edinburgh
  
  EH11 3WQ
  
  Tel: 0870 011 3545
  
  www.kinesiologyfederation.org
  
  
  
  
  
  
  


• Magnet Therapy
  
  It is difficult to find some scientific explanation on how magnets work,
  there is a lack of research and all claims can only be hypothesised. The
  main therapeutic benefit of magnet therapy seems to be an increase of oxygen
  in the blood. Under the action of magnets cells are revived and regenerated,
  the body can better absorb nutrients and heal itself. Magnets increase the
  blood flow, which has an effect on the lymphatic system as they carry waste
  away, they help flush lactic acid that builds up and thus help ease pain
  and inflammation.The action of magnetic fields on asthma works through relaxing
  spasms of bronchial muscles.
  
  Magnets can be placed on the lymph nodes or meridians following the theory
  of acupuncture or on specific areas of the body which need healing.
  
  
  
  Magnets should not be used by pregnant women or individuals who have a pacemaker
  or other metal implants. Strong magnets should be used with care on small
  children.
  
  
  
  (For more information see our fact sheet on Magnet therapy)
  
  
  
  The International Magnetic Therapists Association
  
  3921 Pine Grove Rd.
  
  Seeley's Bay,
  
  Ontario
  
  Canada
  
  K0H 2N0
  
  Tel: (011) 613 382 5290
  
  
  
  North American Academy of Magnetic Therapy
  
  2240 W Agoura Road
  
  Suite 202 Agoura
  
  Ca 91301
  
  USA
  
  Tel: (001) 818 991 5277
  
  
  
  


• Massage
  
  Massage is a hands-on technique used to stimulate the body through the skin,
  the body's largest sensory organ. Massage boosts the circulatory and immune
  systems and is part of many health systems. Different massage techniques
  are practised and integrated into various complementary therapies. Massage
  directly affects heart-rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion and
  skin tone. The aim of massage for asthmatics is again to relieve physical
  tensions, which many massage therapists believe will then relieve mental
  and emotional tensions.
  
  
  
  Western (or Swedish) massage is generally given to a patient lying on a
  table. Different degrees and rhythms of pressure are used and a variety
  of techniques have been developed. Remedial massage focuses on conditions
  such as muscle strain. Manual lymph drainage (a gentle pumping massage)
  stimulates the lymphatic system to help eliminate metabolic wastes from
  the body. Eastern massage, such as shiatsu, uses acupressure techniques
  applying pressure rather than stroking, aiming to balance energy forces
  in the body.
  
  
  
  Research
  
  - Field T, Henteleff T, Hernandez-Reif M, Martinez E, Mavunda K, Kuhn C,
  Schanberg S. Children with asthma have improved pulmonary functions after
  massage therapy. J Pediatr 1998 May;132(5):854-8
  
  "It appears that daily massage improves airway caliber and control of asthma."
  
  
  
  
  - Field T.Massage therapy for infants and children. : J Dev Behav Pediatr
  1995 Apr;16(2):105-11
  
  " Generally, the massage therapy has resulted in lower anxiety and stress
  hormones and improved clinical course."
  
  
  
  British Massage Therapy Council (BMTC)
  
  78 Meadow Street
  
  Preston
  
  Lancashire PR1 1TS
  
  Tel: 01772 881 063
  
  www.bmtc.co.uk
  
  
  
  Massage Therapy Institute of Great Britain
  
  PO Box 2726
  
  London
  
  NW2 3NR
  
  Tel: 0208 2081607
  
  www.cmhmassage.co.uk
  
  
  
  
  London College of Massage
  
  5-6 Newman Passage
  
  London
  
  W1P 3FF
  
  Tel: 020 7637 7125
  
  www.massagelondon.com
  
  
  
  
  
  
  


• Nutrition
  
  
  
  Specific therapeutic foods for controlling asthma are:
  
  
  
  • From a Chinese medicine perspective, foods that enhance the moisture
    (or Yin aspect) of the Lung are recommended. These are juicy, pungent
    foods such as garlic, onions, leeks, turnips, grapes, pineapple, green
    leafy vegetables, apricots, apricot kernels, almonds, walnuts, carrots,
    pumpkin, sunflower seeds, figs, daikon, lychee, tangerines, loquats,
    honey, molasses, mustard greens, and sesame seeds.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Other good foods to reduce inflammation as well as for dilating the
    bronchi are collard greens, cauliflower, garlic, onions, turnips, endive,
    apricots, cherries, elderberries, green vegetables, raw nuts and seeds,
    sprouted seeds and grains.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Increase omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids: vegetable, nut, seed oils,
    salmon, herring, mackerel, sardines, walnuts, flax seed oil, evening
    primrose oil, black currant oil.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Foods high in flavonoids and carotenoids such as dark green leafy
    vegetables and deep yellow and orange vegetables.
  
  
  • Juices made from the following fresh vegetables and fruits and taken
    on an empty stomach each morning, are said to help prevent asthma attacks:
    
    
    
    • celery and papaya
    
    
    • celery, endive, and carrot
    
    
    • spinach and carrot
    
    
    • lime, horseradish, and garlic
    
    
    • carrot
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Eating mainly fresh fruits and vegetables (especially apples and tomatoes)
    nuts and seeds, oatmeal, brown rice and whole grains is thought to help.
    The diet should be relatively high in protein, low in carbohydrates,
    and contain no sugar.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Include garlic and onions in the diet. They contain quercetin and
    mustard oils, which have been shown to inhibit an enzyme that aids the
    release of inflammatory chemicals.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Avoid gas-producing foods, such as beans, brassicas (broccoli, cauliflower
    and cabbage) and large amounts of bran. Gas can irritate an asthmatic
    condition by putting pressure on the diaphragm.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Avoid ice cream and extremely cold liquids. Cold can shock the bronchial
    tubes into spasms.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Eat lightly - a large meal can cause shortness of breath by making
    the stomach put pressure on the diaphragm.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Use an elimination diet to see if certain foods aggravate the asthmatic
    condition. Common culprits include alfalfa, corn, peanuts, soy, eggs,
    beets, carrots, colas, cold beverages, dairy products, fish, red meat
    (especially pork), processed foods, salt, spinach, chicken and turkey,
    white flour and white sugar.
    
    
    
    Foods to strictly avoid are the mucus forming ones, such as:
    
    
    
    • cow's milk and other dairy products
    
    
    • white bread
    
    
    • refined foods and processed foods
    
    
    • sugar and sweets
    
    
    • tofu
    
    
    • meat
    
    
    • ice cream
    
    
    • shellfish
    
    
    • watermelon
    
    
    • salty foods
    
    
    • cold foods
    
    
    • bananas
    
    
    • mung beans.
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    Research:
    
    - Li C, Li L, Luo J, Huang N. [Effect of turmeric volatile oil on the
    respiratory tract] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1998 Oct;23(10):624-5,
    inside " Turmeric volatile oil may be an efficacious drug for the treatment
    of respiratory diseases."
    
    
    
    In autumn 2001, Graham Devereux, a researcher at Aberdeen University
    discovered that children were less likely to suffer from asthma if their
    mother ate food rich in vitamin E during the pregnancy whilst researchers
    at the Nottingham University found that apples and tomatoes increased
    lung capacity and reduce wheezing (May 2001) .
    
    
    
    Anthony Seaton conducted a survey that involved 1444 children in Saudi
    Arabia. The aim was to assess the dietary and other factors for asthma.
    He found that children whose diet consisted of "fast food" containing
    low levels of vegetables, milk, fibre, vitamin E, magnesium, calcium,
    sodium and potassium were more likely to develop asthma than those whose
    diet included rice vegetables local meat and fruits.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Nutritional supplements
    
    Nutritional supplements for asthma are directed at preventing or
    supporting recovery from an asthma attack, rather than treating an acute
    episode.
    
    
    
    • Essential fatty acids (EFAs) help to regulate the inflammatory
      response. Good sources are evening primrose oil or EPA (fish oil).
      (See our fact sheet on evening primrose oil).
    
    
    • Magnesium has a bronchodilating effect if taken in the
      proper dosage. Some doctors give magnesium sulfate by injection
      to treat acute asthma attacks. (See our fact sheet on magnesium).
    
    
    • Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) supports adrenal function
      and the nervous system.
    
    
    • Vitamin B12 deficiency has been linked to some types of
      asthmatic conditions. Given in either oral or injectable form, this
      vitamin can help to prevent an asthma attack.
    
    
    • Vitamin C supplementation can reduce some of the airway
      spasms that characterise the disease.
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    Research:
    
    - Kaur B, Rowe BH, Ram FS. Vitamin C supplementation for asthma (Cochrane
    Review ) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;4:CD000993 "At present, evidence
    from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific
    role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. A methodologically strong
    and large-scale randomised controlled trial is warranted in order to
    address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in patients with
    asthma."
    
    
    
    - Miller AL. The etiologies, pathophysiology, and alternative/complementary
    treatment of asthma. Altern Med Rev 2001 Feb;6(1):20-47
    
    "Antioxidant nutrients, especially vitamins C and E, selenium, and zinc
    appear to be necessary in asthma treatment. Vitamins B6 and B12 also
    may be helpful. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish, the flavonoid quercetin,
    and botanicals Tylophora asthmatica, Boswellia serrata and Petasites
    hybridus address the inflammatory component. Physical modalities, including
    yoga, massage, biofeedback, acupuncture, and chiropractic can also be
    of help."
    
    
    
    - Nagakura T, Matsuda S, Shichijyo K, Sugimoto H, Hata K.Dietary supplementation
    with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children
    with bronchial asthma. Eur Respir J 2000 Nov;16(5):861-5
    
    
    
    " The present results suggest that dietary supplementation with fish
    oil rich in the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic
    acid and docosahexaenoic acid is beneficial for children with bronchial
    asthma in a strictly controlled environment in terms of inhalant allergens
    and diet."
    
    
    
    - Rowe BH, Edmonds ML, Spooner CH, Camargo CA. Evidence-based treatments
    for acute asthma. Respir Care 2001 Dec;46(12):1380-90; discussion 1390-1
    "Evidence from systematic reviews indicates that intravenous magnesium
    sulfate may provide similar benefits in severe asthma."
    
    
    
    British Society for Allergy Environmental & Nutritional Medicine
    (BSAENM)
    
    PO Box 7
    
    Knighton
    
    Powys LD8 2WF
    
    Tel: 01547 550 380
    
    www.bsaenm.org.uk
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Osteopathy
    
    Many people with asthma develop bad posture to compensate for they're
    breathing difficulties, becoming round shouldered with a distended chest.
    Manipulation therapies aim to correct the compensations and relax the
    chest, neck, shoulders and diaphragm.
    
    
    
    In contrast to chiropractic, osteopathy believes that the essential
    factor in healthy tissues is the blood flow. It is based on the principle
    that structure and function are interdependent, so that if the structure
    is 'out' the function will suffer. If a body is forced to do a function
    it is not designed for; the structure will be affected. For asthma sufferers
    the approach would again be to ease tension so that the chest and diaphragm
    can move more freely.
    
    
    
    The British Osteopathic Association
    
    Langham House West
    
    Luton
    
    Bedfordshire
    
    LU1 2NA
    
    Tel: 01582 488455
    
    http://www.osteopathy.org/
    
    
    
    
    British School of Osteopathy
    
    275 Borough High Street
    
    London SE1 1JE
    
    Tel: 020 7407 0222
    
    http://www.bso.ac.uk/index2.htm
    
    
    
    
    General Osteopathic Council
    
    Osteopathy House 176 Tower Bridge Road
    
    London SE1 3LU
    
    Tel: 020 7357 6655
    
    www.osteopathy.org.uk
    
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Tragerwork
    
    According to Milton Trager there is a connection between the physical
    structure of the body and the unconscious mind, as a result emotional
    trauma may be locked within the tissues of the body. Connective tissue
    (the fibrous tissues that surround muscles, nerves, organs, glands)
    is affected by emotional or physical trauma, it can tighten and become
    rigid which can block the healthy flow of energy and lead to illness.
    
    
    
    
    During a session the client is assessed by the therapist and then taught
    a series of mental and physical gymnastics exercises called "mentastics"
    which involve shaking or swinging the hands or the feet and dance like
    movements that enhance relaxation. The principle behind mentastics is
    that this memory of a pleasurable, positive feeling experience can then
    replace emotional trauma that may have been stored up previously. The
    therapist "hooks up": he/she enters a state of meditation that is believed
    to allow him/her to better sense tension areas in the body. Movements
    such as cradling, rocking, stretching and pulling are used.
    
    Tragerwork releases unconscious patterns of holding tension as individuals
    are encouraged to "let go".
    
    
    
    (For more information see our fact sheet on Targerwork)
    
    
    
    Trager UK
    
    20 Summerdale Road
    
    Hove
    
    East Sussex
    
    BN3 8LG
    
    Tel: 01273 411193
    
    http//:www.trager.co.uk
    
    
    
    
    Trager Institute
    
    3800 Park East Drive
    
    Suite 100, Room 1
    
    Beachwood
    
    Ohio 44122
    
    USA.
    
    Tel: (001) 216 896-9383
    
    http://www.trager.com
    
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Yoga
    
    An ancient Hindu discipline which encompasses the mind, body and emotions,
    yoga is a series of movements, postures and breathing techniques which
    can increase suppleness and aid relaxation. There is much anecdotal
    evidence that using the breathing exercises - Pranayama - can reduce
    asthma attacks and encourage greater tolerance to certain triggers.
    
    
    
    
    Research:
    
    An Australian research team highlighted the benefits of a form of meditation
    called Sahaja in January 2002.They found that Sahaja meditation eased
    the symptoms for a short while. This type of meditation is said to "un-clutter"
    the mind.
    
    
    
    - Sathyaprabha TN, Murthy H, Murthy BT. Efficacy of naturopathy and
    yoga in bronchial asthma--a self controlled matched scientific study.Indian
    J Physiol Pharmacol 2001 Jan;45(1):80-6
    
    " The patients reported a feeling of well being, freshness and comfortable
    breathing. Naturopathy and yoga helps in inducing positive health, alleviating
    the symptoms of disease by acting at physical and mental levels."
    
    
    
    - Birkel DA, Edgren L. Hatha yoga: improved vital capacity of college
    students. Altern Ther Health Med 2000 Nov;6(6):55-63 "The study showed
    a statistically significant (P < .001) improvement in vital capacity
    across all categories over time. CONCLUSIONS: It is not known whether
    these findings were the result of yoga poses, breathing techniques,
    relaxation, or other aspects of exercise in the subjects' life. The
    subjects' adherence to attending class was 99.96%. The large number
    of 287 subjects is considered to be a valid number for a study of this
    type. These findings are consistent with other research studies reporting
    the positive effect of yoga on the vital capacity of the lungs."
    
    
    
    - Vedanthan PK, Kesavalu LN, Murthy KC, Duvall K, Hall MJ, Baker S,
    Nagarathna S. Clinical study of yoga techniques in university students
    with asthma: a controlled study. Allergy Asthma Proc 1998 Jan-Feb;19(1):3-9
    
    " Yoga techniques seem beneficial as an adjunct to the medical management
    of asthma."
    
    
    
    The British Wheel of Yoga
    
    25 Jermyn Street
    
    Sleaford
    
    Lincs
    
    NG34 7RU
    
    Tel: 01529 306 851
    
    www.bwy.org.uk
    
    
    
    Yoga for Health Foundation
    
    Ickwell Bury
    
    Biggleswade
    
    Bedfordshire
    
    SG18 9EF
    
    Tel: 01767 627271
    
    http://www.yogaforhealthfoundation.co.uk
    
    
    
    
    
    
    The following two organisations may be able to give help and information
    about a number of different therapies.
    
    
    
    Institute for Complementary Medicine
    
    PO Box 194
    
    London
    
    SE16 7QZ
    
    Tel: 020 7237 5165
    
    www.icmedicine.co.uk
    
    
    
    Council for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
    
    206 Latimer Road
    
    London W10
    
    Tel: 020 8735 0632
    
    
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  




3. Self Care
   
   As stated on page one of this fact sheet, asthma can be caused by many different
   factors. The most important thing an asthma sufferer can do is try to identify
   what triggers their asthma attacks. Once triggers are identified a number
   of measures can be taken to limit the effect of these triggers on the individual,
   for example:
   
   
   
   • Avoid gas cookers: Researchers at Aberdeen University and Napier University
     in Edinburgh have found that particles released by gas cookers can cause
     asthma attacks in people suffering from asthma, bronchitis, or heart or
     lung disease.
   
   
   • Avoid carpets and curtains where pollen, pet dander, mould and dustmites
     can accumulate. Use throw-rugs and blinds instead.
   
   
   • Avoid drying sheets and blankets outdoors where they can be contaminated
     by pollen.
   
   
   • Avoid feather pillows.
   
   
   • Avoid keeping pets if there is a family history of asthma. 50% of chldren
     with asthma have symptoms triggered by allergy to cats and dogs. If pets
     are unavoidable, keep them out of the bedrooms and lounge.
   
   
   • Avoid pollen as much as possible. Keep car windows shut. On hot dry
     days avoid spending too much time outside. Avoid long grass.
   
   
   • Be aware of foods that provoke allergic reactions.
   
   
   • Cover mattresses and pillows with plastic covers.
   
   
   • Damp dust all surfaces regularly.
   
   
   • Drink lots of fluids.
   
   
   • Ensure a readily available supply of asthma medicine.
   
   
   • Hot wash bedding (60 degrees C).
   
   
   • Keep bedrooms especially 'pure'.
   
   
   • Keep rooms well aired (dust mites like humid conditions).
   
   
   • Mop with bleach diluted in water - helps to keep mould from growing.
   
   
   • Open windows during and after cooking, when washing or using the bathroom.
   
   
   • Remove damp and mould in house quickly and avoid condensation.
   
   
   • Replace carpets with lino, tiles, wood flooring etc.
   
   
   • Stay sitting up during an asthma attack, avoid lying down.
   
   
   • Use a humidifier and keep the filter clean. Use distilled water in humidifiers.
   
   
   • Wear a scarf around the nose and mouth when outside in the cold. This
     warms up the air before it is breathed in.
   
   
   • When doing exercise, like swimming, stop if wheezing starts.
   
   
   • When vacuuming wear a filter mask to avoid the dust the vacuuming produces.
     Get a high efficiency vacuum and vacuum often.
   
   
   • After an attack try to drink lots of fluids (once you feel able to do
     so), to thin secretions so that they are easily coughed out.